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A Dream Deferred/Harlem

by Langston Hughes

 

What happens to a dream deferred?

 

Does it dry up 
like a raisin in the sun? 
Or fester like a sore-- 
And then run? 
Does it stink like rotten meat? 
Or crust and sugar over-- 
like a syrupy sweet?

 

Maybe it just sags 
like a heavy load.

 

Or does it explode?

 

A Raisin in the Sun

 

by Lorraine Hansberry

1959

The title of this play was inspired on "A dream deffered", by Langston Hughes, also known as "Harlem". "Deffer" means "to postpone". 

 

"A Raisin in the Sun" is a play  about an African American Family, the Youngers, who live in Chicago around 1950. The Family is about to receive Mr. Younger’s life insurance, ten Thousand dollars.

 

With this money, Mama wants to live the American Dream by buying a house. Ruth, her daughter-in-law, also wants to buy a house to raise her Travis, the son of Ruth and Walter, Mama’s son. Walter, however, wants to invest in a liquor store to end their financial problem forever. Benetha, Mama’s daughter, wants to pay for her medical school. She understands that her Family should not be trying to join the white world, and tries to find herself Reading the past, Africa.

 

Ruth finds out she is pregnant but doesn’t want to worsen her family’s financial competition. Walter doesn’t say anything about Ruth’s considering abortion. Mama, then, pays for a big house in Clybourne Park, a white neighborhood, believing it would help them all.

 

The white neighbors don’t want them there, so they offer them, using Mr. Lindner (from the neighborhood’s improvement association), money. The Family refuses it, even after Walter loses the rest of the money ($6,500) to his friend Willy Harris, who steals his money after convincing him to invest in the store.

 

Benetha, in the meantime, rejects George Murchison, who wants to marry her, because she believes he doesn’t think about the race problem. After that, her boyfriend from Nigeria asks her to marry him and move to Africa after getting her medical degree.

 

The Family moves out of the apartment and into the house, fulfilling their dream, even though their future seems dangerous. They believe they can live well if they remain together as a Family, they decide not to postpone their dreams anymore. 

 

1. Explain the intertextuality between Langston Hughes poem and Lorraine Hansberry theme in "A Raisin in the Sun".

2. What do we learn about this family?

3. What do we learn about "the American Dream"?

Activity: read the play and watch the movie. Write a small review. 

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Death of a Salesman

Arthur Miller, 1949 

Setting: New York, the late 1940s

 

Arthur Miller’s play "Death of a Salesman" is divided in Two Acts and a Requiem.

 

The first act presentes Willy Loman, a salesman who is around 60 years old, comming back home from a failed business trip. He tells his wife Linda that he was too distracted to drive. Willy’s sons are around 30 years old, they are called Happy and Biff, and they are at home visiting, staying in their old rooms.

 

Happy works as an assistant to the assistant buyer at a retail store, and dreams of better things. Biff was a high school football star and could never follow Willy’s concept of success, he has just been drifting from one manual labor job to the next.

 

Willy talks to himself downstairs, he hallucinates and visualizes happy times from the past; he remembers an encounter with his older brother Ben, an adventurous entrepeneur who became rich from 17 to 21 years old.

 

Later, Linda tells Biff that Willy is unstable because he is secretly attempting suicide. The first act ends with the Brothers promising Willy to meet with a famous business man, Bill Oliver, to pitch a marketing idea. This idea fills Willy with hope for the future.

 

The second act starts with Willy asking his boss, 36 year old Howard Wagner, for 40 dollars a week. Howard fires him:

Howard: I don't want you to represent us. I've been meaning to tell you for a long time now.

 

Willy: Howard, are you firing me?

Howard: I think you need a good long rest, Willy.

Willy: Howard -

Howard: And when you feel better, come back, and we'll see if we can work something out.

 

Willy talks about that with his neighbor and friendly rival Charley, who offers him a job. Willy refuses it, but borrows money from him.

 

Biff tells Willy he failed to meet Bill Oliver and that he stole the man’s fountain pen – he had become a stealer as a way of rebelling against the cold corporate world. Willy doesn’t want to hear Biff, so his memory goes back to a day when Biff was a teenager and discovered Willy was having an affair. After that day, their relationship was never the same. Willy wants to find a way for Biff to stop hating him – he has even been considering killing himself so that Biff can do something with his life insurance money. Biff and Willy shout and argue, Biff cries and kisses Willy, who is deeply touched, realizing Biff still loves him.  

 

After everyone goes to bed, Willy leaves with the family car and crashes it, commiting suicide.

 

The Requiem is a short scene that takes place at Willy's grave. Linda wonders why more people didn't attend his funeral. Biff decides that his father had the wrong dream. Happy is still intent on pursuing Willy's quest: "He had a good dream. It's the only dream you can have - to come out number-one man."

 

Linda sits by the ground and laments the loss of her husband. She says: "Why did you do it? I search and search and search, and I can't understand it, Willy. I made the last payment on the house today. Today, dear. And there'll be nobody home."

 

Biff helps her to her feet, and they leave the grave of Willy Loman.

Activity1: character debate on the American Dream.

 

Activity: character selection scene: perform and record it. 

 

1. What do we learn about this American family?

 

2. What do we learn about "the American Dream"?

 

3. Explain the following statement by the Sparknotes, using fragments from the text: "[Death of a Salesman] offers a postwar American reading of personal tragedy. Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a capitalist materialism nurtured by the postwar economy, a materialism that obscured the personal truth and moral vision of the original American Dream described by the country’s founders".

 

 

List of characters - From the Sparknotes

 

 

Willy Loman -  An insecure, self-deluded traveling salesman. Willy believes wholeheartedly in the American Dream of easy success and wealth, but he never achieves it. Nor do his sons fulfill his hope that they will succeed where he has failed. When Willy’s illusions begin to fail under the pressing realities of his life, his mental health begins to unravel. The overwhelming tensions caused by this disparity, as well as those caused by the societal imperatives that drive Willy, form the essential conflict of Death of a Salesman.

 

 

Biff Loman -  Willy’s thirty-four-year-old elder son. Biff led a charmed life in high school as a football star with scholarship prospects, good male friends, and fawning female admirers. He failed math, however, and did not have enough credits to graduate. Since then, his kleptomania has gotten him fired from every job that he has held. Biff represents Willy’s vulnerable, poetic, tragic side. He cannot ignore his instincts, which tell him to abandon Willy’s paralyzing dreams and move out West to work with his hands. He ultimately fails to reconcile his life with Willy’s expectations of him.

 

 

Linda Loman -  Willy’s loyal, loving wife. Linda suffers through Willy’s grandiose dreams and self-delusions. Occasionally, she seems to be taken in by Willy’s self-deluded hopes for future glory and success, but at other times, she seems far more realistic and less fragile than her husband. She has nurtured the family through all of Willy’s misguided attempts at success, and her emotional strength and perseverance support Willy until his collapse.

 

Happy Loman -  Willy’s thirty-two-year-old younger son. Happy has lived in Biff’s shadow all of his life, but he compensates by nurturing his relentless sex drive and professional ambition. Happy represents Willy’s sense of self-importance, ambition, and blind servitude to societal expectations. Although he works as an assistant to an assistant buyer in a department store, Happy presents himself as supremely important. Additionally, he practices bad business ethics and sleeps with the girlfriends of his superiors.

 

 

Charley -  Willy’s next-door neighbor. Charley owns a successful business and his son, Bernard, is a wealthy, important lawyer. Willy is jealous of Charley’s success. Charley gives Willy money to pay his bills, and Willy reveals at one point, choking back tears, that Charley is his only friend.

 

Bernard -  Bernard is Charley’s son and an important, successful lawyer. Although Willy used to mock Bernard for studying hard, Bernard always loved Willy’s sons dearly and regarded Biff as a hero. Bernard’s success is difficult for Willy to accept because his own sons’ lives do not measure up.

 

Ben -  Willy’s wealthy older brother. Ben has recently died and appears only in Willy’s “daydreams.” Willy regards Ben as a symbol of the success that he so desperately craves for himself and his sons. Ben is adventurous, he had become rich in very little time travelling to wild places in the world.

 

 

The Woman -  Willy’s mistress when Happy and Biff were in high school. The Woman’s attention and admiration boost Willy’s fragile ego. When Biff catches Willy in his hotel room with The Woman, he loses faith in his father, and his dream of passing math and going to college dies.

 

Howard Wagner -  Willy’s boss. Howard inherited the company from his father, whom Willy regarded as “a masterful man” and “a prince.” Though much younger than Willy, Howard treats Willy with condescension and eventually fires him, despite Willy’s wounded assertions that he named Howard at his birth.

 

 

Miss Forsythe and Letta -  Two young women whom Happy and Biff meet at Frank’s Chop House. It seems likely that Miss Forsythe and Letta are prostitutes, judging from Happy’s repeated comments about their moral character and the fact that they are “on call.”

 

 

Stanley -  A waiter at Frank’s Chop House. Stanley and Happy seem to be friends, or at least acquaintances.

THE AMERICAN DREAM

 

Drama 

 

Today we'll study two plays: "A Raisin in the Sun", by Lorraine Hansberry, and "Death of a Salesman", by Arthur Miller.

Next 1/ High School
Objetivo Sorocaba

Profa. Dra. L. Winter

© 2013 by L. Winter

 

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